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- factor or characteristic set by the researcher that is being investigates as a possible cause of a change in behaviour

- CAUSE

Dependent Variables

- factor or characteristic being measures that is thought to be affected by a change in the value of the IV

- EFFECT

Population

- complete set of individuals/participants under consideration from which a sample may be drawn

Sample

- subset of the population under investigation

Random Sample

- everyone in population has equal chance of being selected

- avoids bias

Random Stratified Sample

- used when researchers are interested in identifying characteristics that vary between groups of people in the population

- divide population into strata and then sample randomly from each strata

Opportunity Sample

- Participants selected from groups and regions that are readily available

- convenience sample

- has bias

Experimental Group

- exposed to treatment (IV present)

Control Group

- exposed to control condition (IV absent)

- provides a point of reference with which to compare experimental group

Random Allocation

- procedure for assigning participants to various groups in an experiment

- all participants have an equal chance of being allocated to either control or experimental group

- used to ensure participants in experimental group are similar to those in the control group

Placebo and Experimenter Effects

Placebo Effect

- participant expectation

- change in behaviour caused by the belief that one has taken a drug

- single blind procedure ? participants do not know if they are in experimental or control group

Experimenter Effect

- changes in participants behaviour that are caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter

- experiment finds what it expects to

- Double blind procedure ? neither the participant or the experimenter know what group the person is

Research Designs

Experimental Design

- process of organising and structuring an experiment

Extraneous Variables

- any potential IV that is of no direct interest to the researcher, but may have an effect on the DV

Repeated Measures

- participants take part in both experimental and control conditions

- each participant is repeatedly tested

- positive - no individual differences between participants in each condition, need less participants

- negative ? may have order effects, effects of the first condition, may artificially affect the scores of the next condition

Matched Participants

- researcher attempts to mimic to repeated measures design but different participants are tested in each experimental condition

- to minimise participant variables, participants are matched on these variables in an attempt to remove their influence

- match participants on a variable and then randomly assign them to experimental or control group

- positive ? person only receives on condition so nor order effect

- controls for important extraneous variables

- negative ? more participants needed may still be other variables that you have not thought of which effects results

Independent Groups

- researcher randomly allocates each participant to treatment condition

- weakest of all reducing effect of individual (participants) differences between conditions

- easy to do

- factor or characteristic set by the researcher that is being investigates as a possible cause of a change in behaviour

- CAUSE

Dependent Variables

- factor or characteristic being measures that is thought to be affected by a change in the value of the IV

- EFFECT

Population

- complete set of individuals/participants under consideration from which a sample may be drawn

Sample

- subset of the population under investigation

Random Sample

- everyone in population has equal chance of being selected

- avoids bias

Random Stratified Sample

- used when researchers are interested in identifying characteristics that vary between groups of people in the population

- divide population into strata and then sample randomly from each strata

Opportunity Sample

- Participants selected from groups and regions that are readily available

- convenience sample

- has bias

Experimental Group

- exposed to treatment (IV present)

Control Group

- exposed to control condition (IV absent)

- provides a point of reference with which to compare experimental group

Random Allocation

- procedure for assigning participants to various groups in an experiment

- all participants have an equal chance of being allocated to either control or experimental group

- used to ensure participants in experimental group are similar to those in the control group

Placebo and Experimenter Effects

Placebo Effect

- participant expectation

- change in behaviour caused by the belief that one has taken a drug

- single blind procedure ? participants do not know if they are in experimental or control group

Experimenter Effect

- changes in participants behaviour that are caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter

- experiment finds what it expects to

- Double blind procedure ? neither the participant or the experimenter know what group the person is

Research Designs

Experimental Design

- process of organising and structuring an experiment

Extraneous Variables

- any potential IV that is of no direct interest to the researcher, but may have an effect on the DV

Repeated Measures

- participants take part in both experimental and control conditions

- each participant is repeatedly tested

- positive - no individual differences between participants in each condition, need less participants

- negative ? may have order effects, effects of the first condition, may artificially affect the scores of the next condition

Matched Participants

- researcher attempts to mimic to repeated measures design but different participants are tested in each experimental condition

- to minimise participant variables, participants are matched on these variables in an attempt to remove their influence

- match participants on a variable and then randomly assign them to experimental or control group

- positive ? person only receives on condition so nor order effect

- controls for important extraneous variables

- negative ? more participants needed may still be other variables that you have not thought of which effects results

Independent Groups

- researcher randomly allocates each participant to treatment condition

- weakest of all reducing effect of individual (participants) differences between conditions

- easy to do

General points of the essay

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